Authors
Publication Date
JEL Classification
F34
G15
H56
N20
E44
Key Words
Related Topics
War
Geoeconomics
Financial Markets
International Finance
Defence
We study how wars and military threats affect financial markets. Leveraging more than 300,000 monthly price observations since 1822, we create an external currency bond index for more than 90 countries — the EXBI. Using the EXBI, we document large effects of wars on returns and borrowing costs. In a global external bond portfolio, a one-standard-deviation war shock lowers returns by five percentage points. At the country level, wars at home generate sharp losses and increase default risk. Military threats depress bond prices in threatened states, but not in threatening ones, highlighting their role as a channel for eoeconomic coercion.
