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Policy Article

Who is afraid of AI? Who should be?

Kiel Policy Brief, 198
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Authors

  • Engberg
  • E.
  • Görg
  • H.
  • Hellsten
  • M.
  • Javed
  • F.
  • Lodefalk
  • M.
  • Längkvist
  • M.
  • Monteiro
  • N.
  • Nordås
  • H.K.
  • Pulito
  • G.
  • Schroeder
  • S.
  • Tang
  • A.

Publication Date

JEL Classification

E24 J23 J24 N34 O33

Key Words

Artificial intelligence

Labour demand

Multi-country firm-level evidence

Related Topics

Labor Market

Digitalization

  • Occupations that are highly cognitive, non-physical, and low in social interaction — typically higher-skill white-collar roles such as data analysts, software developers, and translators — turn out to be highly AI-exposed
  • Occupations requiring manual dexterity or intensive interpersonal contact — such as construction labourers or nursing aides — remain among the least exposed to current AI technologies
  • Aggregate occupational exposure to AI has risen markedly since 2010, with especially rapid gains in the late 2010s and early 2020s
  • Our baseline estimates show no detectable effect of AI exposure on total firm employment, while it is associated with clear skill upgrading

Kiel Institute Experts

  • Dr. Sarah Schroeder
    Kiel Institute Fellow
  • Prof. Holger Görg, Ph.D.
    Research Director

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